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The e-bike revolution, which gained significant momentum during the pandemic, has been widely celebrated as a solution to various urban challenges, from alleviating traffic congestion and reducing greenhouse gas emissions to promoting fitness and combating depression. However, lurking beneath this wave of enthusiasm is a darker and potentially deadly side: e-bike lithium-ion battery fires.

Why Do Battery Fires Happen?

Understanding why these battery fires occur is critical to preventing them. There are both chemical and practical reasons behind these incidents. Chemically, lithium-ion cells can undergo a process known as thermal runaway. This process involves a sharp rise in battery cell temperature and pressure, often accompanied by the release of flammable gas. If this gas ignites due to the high battery temperature, it can lead to a rapid and challenging-to-extinguish fire that emits toxic fumes.

What triggers the release of flammable gas and the subsequent increase in battery temperature?

The answer varies, but experts point to cheap e-bikes and low-quality batteries as significant contributors to these fires. These low-quality batteries may be produced with substandard manufacturing processes. When battery companies cut corners or employ inferior materials, defects can occur that cause cells to expand and bulge. This expansion can eventually lead to bursting, which, in turn, can initiate thermal runaway.

 

Leo Raudys, President and CEO of Call2Recycle, a nonprofit battery-recycling program, underscores the importance of quality, stating, "You just have to remember, you get what you pay for. These batteries are highly engineered devices, and if you’re only spending a couple of hundred bucks on a battery, you’re probably getting one that’s cutting corners in a number of different places.”

New York City stands out as a concerning example, where e-bike-related fires have surged in recent years. The FDNY reported a doubling of these incidents annually from 2020 to 2022. As of July 3, 2023, there have been 114 investigations into lithium-ion fires, resulting in 74 injuries and 13 tragic deaths this year alone. While the FDNY doesn't break down the statistics by the types of devices causing the fires, a staggering 80 of these incidents occurred within structures such as homes, buildings, and offices.

 

Here are recommended preventive measures to consider.

* Purchase Quality Equipment: Invest in reputable e-bike and e-scooter brands known for their quality and safety.

* Look for UL Certification: Ensure that the product, including the battery, motor, and charger, has a UL (Underwriters Laboratories) certification mark.

* Follow Manufacturer's Instructions: Always follow the manufacturer's instructions for charging and storage. Use the manufacturer's recommended cord and power adapter designed specifically for the device.

* Avoid Overcharging: Avoid overcharging your batteries. Keep them within the 10% to 80% charge range whenever possible. Overcharging can lead to overheating, which increases the risk of fires.

* Proper Charging Locations: Do not charge your e-bike or e-scooter under your pillow, on your bed, or on a couch. Charge them in well-ventilated areas away from flammable materials.

* Monitor Battery Health: Regularly inspect your battery for any signs of damage, unusual smells, strange noises, or changes in shape or color. If you notice any issues, take action immediately.

* Avoid DIY Modifications: Refrain from attempting DIY modifications or refurbishing your battery. Tampering with the battery can compromise its safety features and increase the risk of fires.

* Dispose of Batteries Properly: Do not dispose of batteries in the trash or at home. Look for local battery recycling locations to properly dispose of old batteries. Many e-bike shops participate in battery recycling programs.

* Charge Away from Exits: If possible, charge your e-bike or e-scooter away from exits to ensure a quick escape in case of a fire.

* Extreme Temperatures: Avoid riding e-bikes in extremely cold temperatures below -5 degrees Fahrenheit, as it can affect battery performance.

* Regular Maintenance: If you have a used e-bike, have it checked by a reputable e-bike shop to ensure it is in good condition, especially the battery.

If you're considering a used e-bike, exercise caution. Before purchasing, have the bike thoroughly inspected to ensure it's roadworthy. Be cautious when dealing with inexpensive bikes, those with old or replaced batteries, or bikes with unknown manufacturers. Battery quality is paramount when assessing the safety of a used e-bike. Many reputable e-bike shops today offer battery health assessments.

 

Resources:

https://apnews.com/.../ebike-fires-lithium-ion-batteries...

https://www.nfpa.org/ebikes

https://www.peopleforbikes.org/.../ebike-act-reintroduced...